|
CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2013
Atrial Septal Defect & Patent Foramen Ovale
Sections: Essentials of Diagnosis, General Considerations, Clinical Findings, Symptoms and Signs, ECG and Chest Radiography, Diagnostic Studies, Prognosis & Treatment, When to Refer.
Topics Discussed: atrial septal defect; echocardiography; eisenmenger complex; heart diseases; patent foramen ovale; shunt left-right intracardiac.
Excerpt:"Patients with a small or moderate ASD or with a PFO are asymptomatic
unless a complication occurs. There is only trivial shunting in a PFO. With larger ASD shunts, exertional dyspnea
or cardiac failure may develop, most commonly in the fourth decade of life or later. Prominent RV and PA pulsations are then readily
visible and palpable. A moderately loud systolic ejection murmur
can be heard in the second and third interspaces parasternally as
a result of increased flow through the pulmonary valve. S2 is widely
split and does not vary with breathing due to the fact that the
left-to-right shunt decreases as the RA pressure increases with
inspiration and the increased RV flow is held relatively constant in inspiration and expiration (“fixed” splitting of the second sound results) . In very large left-to-right shunts,
a tricuspid rumble may be heard due to the high flow across the tricuspid valve...."
The content above is only an excerpt.
For full access, log into an existing user account below,
purchase an annual subscription, or
purchase a short-term subscription to the complete website.
|
|
|
|
Or
|
|
|
|