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Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e
| Section I. General Principles > |
Chapter 6. Drug Metabolism
Sections: Coping with Exposure to Xenobiotics, The Phases of Drug Metabolism, Sites of Drug Metabolism, Phase 1 Reactions, Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases (FMOs), Hydrolytic Enzymes, Conjugating Enzymes (Phase 2 Reactions), Role of Xenobiotic Metabolism in the Safe and Effective Use of Drugs, Bibliography.
Topics Discussed: drug metabolism.
Excerpt:"Humans come into contact with thousands of foreign chemicals, medicines, or xenobiotics (substances foreign to the body) through intentional exposure, accidental exposure to environmental contaminants, as well as through diet. Fortunately, humans have developed a means to rapidly eliminate xenobiotics so that they do not accumulate in the tissues and cause harm. The ability of humans to metabolize and clear drugs is a natural process that involves the same enzymatic pathways and transport systems that are used for normal metabolism of dietary constituents. In fact, plants are a common source of xenobiotics in the diet, contributing many structurally diverse chemicals, some of which are associated with pigment production and others of which are toxins (called phytoallexins) that protect plants against predators. For example, poisonous mushrooms produce toxins that are lethal to mammals, including amanitin, gyromitrin, orellanine, muscarine, ibotenic acid, muscimol, psilocybin, and coprine. Animals must be able to metabolize and eliminate such chemicals in order to consume vegetation...."
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